Merge pull request #4630 from xmake-io/runtimes

Improve runtimes to support libc++/libstdc++

50 files changed, 827 insertions, 219 deletions

diff --git a/tests/projects/package/components/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/package/components/xmake.lua
index 6185f5178..14dbe472d 100644
--- a/tests/projects/package/components/xmake.lua
+++ b/tests/projects/package/components/xmake.lua
@@ -175,7 +175,7 @@ package("sfml")
             table.insert(configs, "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=ON")
         else
             table.insert(configs, "-DBUILD_SHARED_LIBS=OFF")
-            if package:is_plat("windows") and package:config("vs_runtime"):startswith("MT") then
+            if package:is_plat("windows") and package:runtimes():startswith("MT") then
                 table.insert(configs, "-DSFML_USE_STATIC_STD_LIBS=ON")
             end
         end
diff --git a/tests/projects/package/depconfigs/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/package/depconfigs/xmake.lua
index 377c8899b..11623755c 100644
--- a/tests/projects/package/depconfigs/xmake.lua
+++ b/tests/projects/package/depconfigs/xmake.lua
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
-add_requires("libpng", {system = false, configs = {vs_runtime = "MD"}})
-add_requires("libtiff", {system = false, configs = {vs_runtime = "MD", zlib = true}})
+add_requires("libpng", {system = false, configs = {runtimes = "MD"}})
+add_requires("libtiff", {system = false, configs = {runtimes = "MD", zlib = true}})
 
 add_requireconfs("libpng.zlib",        {system = false, override = true, configs = {cxflags = "-DTEST1"}, version = "1.2.10"})
 add_requireconfs("libtiff.*|cmake",    {system = false, configs = {cxflags = "-DTEST2"}})
diff --git a/xmake/actions/config/xmake.lua b/xmake/actions/config/xmake.lua
index 464afa662..4bf43c787 100644
--- a/xmake/actions/config/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/actions/config/xmake.lua
@@ -213,6 +213,15 @@ task("config")
                                                           , "    - xmake f --toolchain=[cross|llvm|sdcc ..] --sdk=/xxx"
                                                           , "    - run `xmake show -l toolchains` to get all toolchains"
                                                           , values = _toolchain_values},
+                    {nil, "runtimes", "kv", nil,          "Set the compiler runtime library."
+                                                          , "e.g. "
+                                                          , "    - xmake f --runtimes=MTd"
+                                                          , "    - xmake f --runtimes=MT,c++_static"
+                                                          , values = {"MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd",             -- only for msvc
+                                                                      "c++_static", "c++_shared",           -- gcc/clang/android ndk
+                                                                      "stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared",     -- gcc/clang
+                                                                      "gnustl_static", "gnustl_shared",     -- only for old android ndk
+                                                                      "stlport_static", "stlport_shared"}}, -- only for old android ndk
                     _language_menu_options,
                     _platform_menu_options,
                     {category = "Other Configuration"},
diff --git a/xmake/core/package/package.lua b/xmake/core/package/package.lua
index d5e82b13f..5f9524019 100644
--- a/xmake/core/package/package.lua
+++ b/xmake/core/package/package.lua
@@ -1130,9 +1130,38 @@ function _instance:build_envs(lazy_loading)
     return build_envs
 end
 
+-- get runtimes
+function _instance:runtimes()
+    local runtimes = self:_memcache():get("runtimes")
+    if runtimes == nil then
+        runtimes = self:config("runtimes")
+        if runtimes then
+            local runtimes_current = runtimes:split(",", {plain = true})
+            runtimes = table.unwrap(runtimes_current)
+        end
+        runtimes = runtimes or false
+        self:_memcache():set("runtimes", runtimes)
+    end
+    return runtimes or nil
+end
+
+-- has the given runtime for the current toolchains?
+function _instance:has_runtime(...)
+    local runtimes_set = self:_memcache():get("runtimes_set")
+    if runtimes_set == nil then
+        runtimes_set = hashset.from(table.wrap(self:runtimes()))
+        self:_memcache():set("runtimes_set", runtimes_set)
+    end
+    for _, v in ipairs(table.pack(...)) do
+        if runtimes_set:has(v) then
+            return true
+        end
+    end
+end
+
 -- get the given toolchain
 function _instance:toolchain(name)
-    local toolchains_map = self._TOOLCHAINS_MAP
+    local toolchains_map = self:_memcache():get("toolchains_map")
     if toolchains_map == nil then
         toolchains_map = {}
         local toolchains = self:toolchains()
@@ -1141,7 +1170,7 @@ function _instance:toolchain(name)
                 toolchains_map[toolchain_inst:name()] = toolchain_inst
             end
         end
-        self._TOOLCHAINS_MAP = toolchains_map
+        self:_memcache():set("toolchains_map", toolchains_map)
     end
     return toolchains_map[name]
 end
@@ -1391,6 +1420,19 @@ function _instance:config(name)
     local configs = self:configs()
     if configs then
         value = configs[name]
+        -- vs_runtime is deprecated now
+        if name == "vs_runtime" then
+            local runtimes = configs.runtimes
+            if runtimes then
+                for _, item in ipairs(runtimes:split(",")) do
+                    if item:startswith("MT") or item:startswith("MD") then
+                        value = item
+                        break
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            utils.warning("please use package:runtimes() or package:has_runtime() instead of package:config(\"vs_runtime\")")
+        end
     end
     return value
 end
@@ -1416,6 +1458,10 @@ function _instance:configs()
                 local value = configs_required[name]
                 if value == nil then
                     value = self:extraconf("configs", name, "default")
+                    -- support for the deprecated vs_runtime in add_configs
+                    if name == "runtimes" and value == nil then
+                        value = self:extraconf("configs", "vs_runtime", "default")
+                    end
                 end
                 configs[name] = value
             end
@@ -1453,6 +1499,10 @@ function _instance:_configs_for_buildhash()
                     local value = configs_required[name]
                     if value == nil then
                         value = self:extraconf("configs", name, "default")
+                        -- support for the deprecated vs_runtime in add_configs
+                        if name == "runtimes" and value == nil then
+                            value = self:extraconf("configs", "vs_runtime", "default")
+                        end
                     end
                     configs[name] = value
                 end
@@ -1465,10 +1515,19 @@ function _instance:_configs_for_buildhash()
     return configs and configs or nil
 end
 
+-- compute the build hash
+function _instance:_compute_buildhash()
+    self._BUILDHASH_PREPRARED = true
+    self:buildhash()
+end
+
 -- get the build hash
 function _instance:buildhash()
     local buildhash = self._BUILDHASH
     if buildhash == nil then
+        if not self._BUILDHASH_PREPRARED then
+            os.raise("package:buildhash() must be called after loading package")
+        end
         local function _get_buildhash(configs, opt)
             opt = opt or {}
             local str = self:plat() .. self:arch()
@@ -1477,6 +1536,15 @@ function _instance:buildhash()
                 str = str .. label
             end
             if configs then
+
+                -- with old vs_runtime configs
+                -- https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/4477
+                if opt.vs_runtime then
+                    configs = table.clone(configs)
+                    configs.vs_runtime = configs.runtimes
+                    configs.runtimes = nil
+                end
+
                 -- since luajit v2.1, the key order of the table is random and undefined.
                 -- We cannot directly deserialize the table, so the result may be different each time
                 local configs_order = {}
@@ -1554,6 +1622,16 @@ function _instance:buildhash()
             end
         end
 
+        -- we need to be compatible with the previous xmake version
+        -- with deprecated vs_runtime (< 2.8.7)
+        -- @see https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/4477
+        if not buildhash then
+            buildhash = _get_buildhash(self:_configs_for_buildhash(), {vs_runtime = true})
+            if not os.isdir(_get_installdir(buildhash)) then
+                buildhash = nil
+            end
+        end
+
         -- get build hash for current version
         if not buildhash then
             buildhash = _get_buildhash(self:_configs_for_buildhash())
@@ -1775,6 +1853,13 @@ function _instance:find_package(name, opt)
     if system == nil and not name:startswith("xmake::") then
         system = true -- find system package by default
     end
+    local configs = table.clone(self:configs()) or {}
+    if opt.configs then
+        table.join2(configs, opt.configs)
+    end
+    if configs.runtimes then
+        configs.runtimes = self:runtimes()
+    end
     return self._find_package(name, {
                               force = opt.force,
                               installdir = self:installdir({readonly = true}),
@@ -1783,7 +1868,7 @@ function _instance:find_package(name, opt)
                               mode = self:mode(),
                               plat = self:plat(),
                               arch = self:arch(),
-                              configs = table.join(self:configs(), opt.configs),
+                              configs = configs,
                               components = self:components_orderlist(),
                               components_extsources = opt.components_extsources,
                               buildhash = self:buildhash(), -- for xmake package or 3rd package manager, e.g. go:: ..
@@ -2212,21 +2297,21 @@ function _instance:_generate_build_configs(configs, opt)
     configs = table.join(self:fetch_librarydeps(), configs)
     if self:is_plat("windows") then
         local ld = self:build_getenv("ld")
-        local vs_runtime = self:config("vs_runtime")
-        -- since we are ignoring the vs_runtime of the headeronly library,
-        -- we can only get the vs_runtime from the dependency library to detect the link.
-        if self:is_headeronly() and not vs_runtime and self:librarydeps() then
+        local runtimes = self:runtimes()
+        -- since we are ignoring the runtimes of the headeronly library,
+        -- we can only get the runtimes from the dependency library to detect the link.
+        if self:is_headeronly() and not runtimes and self:librarydeps() then
             for _, dep in ipairs(self:librarydeps()) do
-                if dep:is_plat("windows") and dep:config("vs_runtime") then
-                    vs_runtime = dep:config("vs_runtime")
+                if dep:is_plat("windows") and dep:runtimes() then
+                    runtimes = dep:runtimes()
                     break
                 end
             end
         end
-        if vs_runtime and ld and path.basename(ld:lower()) == "link" then -- for msvc?
+        if runtimes and ld and path.basename(ld:lower()) == "link" then -- for msvc?
             configs.cxflags = table.wrap(configs.cxflags)
-            table.insert(configs.cxflags, "/" .. vs_runtime)
-            if vs_runtime:startswith("MT") then
+            table.insert(configs.cxflags, "/" .. runtimes)
+            if runtimes:startswith("MT") then
                 configs.ldflags = table.wrap(configs.ldflags)
                 table.insert(configs.ldflags, "-nodefaultlib:msvcrt.lib")
             end
@@ -2665,7 +2750,8 @@ function package.load_from_system(packagename)
         -- on install script
         local on_install = function (pkg)
             local opt = {}
-            opt.configs         = pkg:configs()
+            local configs       = table.clone(pkg:configs()) or {}
+            opt.configs         = configs
             opt.mode            = pkg:is_debug() and "debug" or "release"
             opt.plat            = pkg:plat()
             opt.arch            = pkg:arch()
@@ -2673,6 +2759,9 @@ function package.load_from_system(packagename)
             opt.buildhash       = pkg:buildhash()
             opt.cachedir        = pkg:cachedir()
             opt.installdir      = pkg:installdir()
+            if configs.runtimes then
+                configs.runtimes = pkg:runtimes()
+            end
             import("package.manager.install_package")(pkg:name(), opt)
         end
 
diff --git a/xmake/core/platform/platform.lua b/xmake/core/platform/platform.lua
index 8a56a816e..f9a8fba77 100644
--- a/xmake/core/platform/platform.lua
+++ b/xmake/core/platform/platform.lua
@@ -162,7 +162,8 @@ function _instance:toolchains(opt)
             -- get the given toolchain
             local toolchain_given = config.get("toolchain")
             if toolchain_given then
-                local toolchain_inst, errors = toolchain.load(toolchain_given, {plat = self:name(), arch = self:arch()})
+                local toolchain_inst, errors = toolchain.load(toolchain_given, {
+                    plat = self:name(), arch = self:arch()})
                 -- attempt to load toolchain from project
                 if not toolchain_inst and platform._project() then
                     toolchain_inst = platform._project().toolchain(toolchain_given)
@@ -181,7 +182,8 @@ function _instance:toolchains(opt)
         end
         if names then
             for _, name in ipairs(table.wrap(names)) do
-                local toolchain_inst, errors = toolchain.load(name, {plat = self:name(), arch = self:arch()})
+                local toolchain_inst, errors = toolchain.load(name, {
+                    plat = self:name(), arch = self:arch()})
                 -- attempt to load toolchain from project
                 if not toolchain_inst and platform._project() then
                     toolchain_inst = platform._project().toolchain(name)
diff --git a/xmake/core/project/target.lua b/xmake/core/project/target.lua
index f4cdafb0e..8cc2ff824 100644
--- a/xmake/core/project/target.lua
+++ b/xmake/core/project/target.lua
@@ -272,16 +272,55 @@ function _instance:_visibility(opt)
     return visibility
 end
 
+-- update file rules
+--
+-- if we add files in on_load() dynamically, we need to update file rules,
+-- otherwise it will cause: unknown source file: ...
+--
+function _instance:_update_filerules()
+    local rulenames = {}
+    local extensions = {}
+    for _, sourcefile in ipairs(table.wrap(self:get("files"))) do
+        local extension = path.extension((sourcefile:gsub("|.*$", "")))
+        if not extensions[extension] then
+            local lang = language.load_ex(extension)
+            if lang and lang:rules() then
+                table.join2(rulenames, lang:rules())
+            end
+            extensions[extension] = true
+        end
+    end
+    rulenames = table.unique(rulenames)
+    for _, rulename in ipairs(rulenames) do
+        local r = target._project() and target._project().rule(rulename) or rule.rule(rulename)
+        if r then
+            -- only add target rules
+            if r:kind() == "target" then
+                if not self:rule(rulename) then
+                    self:rule_add(r)
+                    for _, deprule in ipairs(r:orderdeps()) do
+                        if not self:rule(deprule:name()) then
+                            self:rule_add(deprule)
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+    end
+end
+
 -- invalidate the previous cache
 function _instance:_invalidate(name)
     self._CACHEID = self._CACHEID + 1
     self._POLICIES = nil
+    self:_memcache():clear()
     -- we need to flush the source files cache if target/files are modified, e.g. `target:add("files", "xxx.c")`
     if name == "files" then
         self._SOURCEFILES = nil
         self._FILESCONFIG = nil
         self._OBJECTFILES = nil
         self._SOURCEBATCHES = nil
+        self:_update_filerules()
     elseif name == "deps" then
         self._DEPS = nil
         self._ORDERDEPS = nil
@@ -2380,6 +2419,51 @@ function _instance:pcoutputfile(langkind)
     end
 end
 
+-- get runtimes
+function _instance:runtimes()
+    local runtimes = self:_memcache():get("runtimes")
+    if runtimes == nil then
+        runtimes = self:get("runtimes")
+        if runtimes then
+            local runtimes_supported = hashset.new()
+            local toolchains = self:toolchains() or platform.load(self:plat(), self:arch()):toolchains()
+            if toolchains then
+                for _, toolchain_inst in ipairs(toolchains) do
+                    if toolchain_inst:is_standalone() and toolchain_inst:get("runtimes") then
+                        for _, runtime in ipairs(table.wrap(toolchain_inst:get("runtimes"))) do
+                            runtimes_supported:insert(runtime)
+                        end
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            local runtimes_current = {}
+            for _, runtime in ipairs(table.wrap(runtimes)) do
+                if runtimes_supported:has(runtime) then
+                    table.insert(runtimes_current, runtime)
+                end
+            end
+            runtimes = table.unwrap(runtimes_current)
+        end
+        runtimes = runtimes or false
+        self:_memcache():set("runtimes", runtimes)
+    end
+    return runtimes or nil
+end
+
+-- has the given runtime for the current toolchains?
+function _instance:has_runtime(...)
+    local runtimes_set = self:_memcache():get("runtimes_set")
+    if runtimes_set == nil then
+        runtimes_set = hashset.from(table.wrap(self:runtimes()))
+        self:_memcache():set("runtimes_set", runtimes_set)
+    end
+    for _, v in ipairs(table.pack(...)) do
+        if runtimes_set:has(v) then
+            return true
+        end
+    end
+end
+
 -- get the given toolchain
 function _instance:toolchain(name)
     local toolchains_map = self:_memcache():get("toolchains_map")
diff --git a/xmake/core/tool/toolchain.lua b/xmake/core/tool/toolchain.lua
index 4831bce5c..620b862d5 100644
--- a/xmake/core/tool/toolchain.lua
+++ b/xmake/core/tool/toolchain.lua
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ local utils          = require("base/utils")
 local table          = require("base/table")
 local global         = require("base/global")
 local option         = require("base/option")
+local hashset        = require("base/hashset")
 local scopeinfo      = require("base/scopeinfo")
 local interpreter    = require("base/interpreter")
 local config         = require("project/config")
@@ -567,6 +568,7 @@ function toolchain.apis()
         ,   "toolchain.set_bindir"
         ,   "toolchain.set_sdkdir"
         ,   "toolchain.set_archs"
+        ,   "toolchain.set_runtimes"
         ,   "toolchain.set_homepage"
         ,   "toolchain.set_description"
         }
diff --git a/xmake/languages/c++/load.lua b/xmake/languages/c++/load.lua
index 932769a7c..b38f4874b 100644
--- a/xmake/languages/c++/load.lua
+++ b/xmake/languages/c++/load.lua
@@ -25,7 +25,6 @@ function _get_apis()
         -- target.add_xxx
         "target.add_links"
     ,   "target.add_syslinks"
-    ,   "target.add_cflags"
     ,   "target.add_cxflags"
     ,   "target.add_cxxflags"
     ,   "target.add_ldflags"
@@ -37,15 +36,11 @@ function _get_apis()
     ,   "target.add_rpathdirs"  -- @note do not translate path, it's usually an absolute path or contains $ORIGIN/@loader_path
     ,   "target.add_forceincludes"
         -- option.add_xxx
-    ,   "option.add_cincludes"
     ,   "option.add_cxxincludes"
-    ,   "option.add_cfuncs"
     ,   "option.add_cxxfuncs"
-    ,   "option.add_ctypes"
     ,   "option.add_cxxtypes"
     ,   "option.add_links"
     ,   "option.add_syslinks"
-    ,   "option.add_cflags"
     ,   "option.add_cxflags"
     ,   "option.add_cxxflags"
     ,   "option.add_ldflags"
@@ -58,7 +53,6 @@ function _get_apis()
         -- package.add_xxx
     ,   "package.add_links"
     ,   "package.add_syslinks"
-    ,   "package.add_cflags"
     ,   "package.add_cxflags"
     ,   "package.add_cxxflags"
     ,   "package.add_ldflags"
@@ -75,7 +69,6 @@ function _get_apis()
         -- toolchain.add_xxx
     ,   "toolchain.add_links"
     ,   "toolchain.add_syslinks"
-    ,   "toolchain.add_cflags"
     ,   "toolchain.add_cxflags"
     ,   "toolchain.add_cxxflags"
     ,   "toolchain.add_ldflags"
@@ -100,8 +93,7 @@ function _get_apis()
     }
     apis.paths = {
         -- target.set_xxx
-        "target.set_pcheader"
-    ,   "target.set_pcxxheader"
+        "target.set_pcxxheader"
         -- target.add_xxx
     ,   "target.add_headerfiles"
     ,   "target.add_linkdirs"
@@ -116,8 +108,7 @@ function _get_apis()
     }
     apis.dictionary = {
         -- option.add_xxx
-        "option.add_csnippets"
-    ,   "option.add_cxxsnippets"
+        "option.add_cxxsnippets"
     }
     return apis
 end
diff --git a/xmake/languages/c++/xmake.lua b/xmake/languages/c++/xmake.lua
index 22a69a417..487746303 100644
--- a/xmake/languages/c++/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/languages/c++/xmake.lua
@@ -20,11 +20,11 @@
 
 language("c++")
     add_rules("c++")
-    set_sourcekinds {cc = ".c", cxx = {".cpp", ".cc", ".cxx", ".mpp", ".mxx", ".cppm", ".ixx", ".c++"}}
-    set_sourceflags {cc = {"cflags", "cxflags"}, cxx = {"cxxflags", "cxflags"}}
+    set_sourcekinds {cxx = {".cpp", ".cc", ".cxx", ".mpp", ".mxx", ".cppm", ".ixx", ".c++"}}
+    set_sourceflags {cxx = {"cxxflags", "cxflags"}}
     set_targetkinds {binary = "ld", static = "ar", shared = "sh"}
     set_targetflags {binary = "ldflags", static = "arflags", shared = "shflags"}
-    set_langkinds   {c = "cc", cxx = "cxx"}
+    set_langkinds   {cxx = "cxx"}
     set_mixingkinds("cc", "cxx", "as", "mrc")
 
     on_load("load")
@@ -49,7 +49,6 @@ language("c++")
         ,   "target.frameworks"
         ,   "target.exceptions"
         ,   "target.encodings"
-        ,   "target.pcheader"
         ,   "target.pcxxheader"
         ,   "target.forceincludes"
         ,   "toolchain.includedirs"
@@ -118,9 +117,8 @@ language("c++")
                 config =
                 {
                     {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Compiler Configuration"                             }
-                ,   {nil, "cc",            "kv", nil,          "The C Compiler"                                     }
                 ,   {nil, "cxx",           "kv", nil,          "The C++ Compiler"                                   }
-                ,   {nil, "cpp",           "kv", nil,          "The C Preprocessor"                                 }
+                ,   {nil, "cpp",           "kv", nil,          "The C/C++ Preprocessor"                             }
 
                 ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Linker Configuration"                               }
                 ,   {nil, "ld",            "kv", nil,          "The Linker"                                         }
@@ -129,7 +127,6 @@ language("c++")
                 ,   {nil, "ranlib",        "kv", nil,          "The Static Library Index Generator"                 }
 
                 ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Compiler Flags Configuration"                       }
-                ,   {nil, "cflags",        "kv", nil,          "The C Compiler Flags"                               }
                 ,   {nil, "cxflags",       "kv", nil,          "The C/C++ compiler Flags"                           }
                 ,   {nil, "cxxflags",      "kv", nil,          "The C++ Compiler Flags"                             }
 
diff --git a/xmake/languages/c/check_main.lua b/xmake/languages/c/check_main.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..55d00e2de
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xmake/languages/c/check_main.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,41 @@
+--!A cross-platform build utility based on Lua
+--
+-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
+--
+--     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+--
+-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+-- limitations under the License.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2015-present, TBOOX Open Source Group.
+--
+-- @author      ruki
+-- @file        check_main.lua
+--
+
+
+-- check it
+function main(sourcefile)
+
+    -- load source code
+    local sourcecode = io.readfile(sourcefile)
+
+    -- remove comment first
+    sourcecode = sourcecode:gsub("/%*.-%*/", "")
+    sourcecode = sourcecode:gsub("//.-\n", "\n")
+
+    -- find int main(int argc, char** argv) {}
+    if sourcecode:find("%s+main%s*%(.-%)") then
+        return true
+    end
+
+    -- no main function
+    return false
+end
+
+
diff --git a/xmake/languages/c/load.lua b/xmake/languages/c/load.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3c470e0eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xmake/languages/c/load.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,120 @@
+--!A cross-platform build utility based on Lua
+--
+-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
+--
+--     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+--
+-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+-- limitations under the License.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2015-present, TBOOX Open Source Group.
+--
+-- @author      ruki
+-- @file        load.lua
+--
+
+-- get apis
+function _get_apis()
+    local apis = {}
+    apis.values = {
+        -- target.add_xxx
+        "target.add_links"
+    ,   "target.add_syslinks"
+    ,   "target.add_cflags"
+    ,   "target.add_cxflags"
+    ,   "target.add_ldflags"
+    ,   "target.add_arflags"
+    ,   "target.add_shflags"
+    ,   "target.add_defines"
+    ,   "target.add_undefines"
+    ,   "target.add_frameworks"
+    ,   "target.add_rpathdirs"  -- @note do not translate path, it's usually an absolute path or contains $ORIGIN/@loader_path
+    ,   "target.add_forceincludes"
+        -- option.add_xxx
+    ,   "option.add_cincludes"
+    ,   "option.add_cfuncs"
+    ,   "option.add_ctypes"
+    ,   "option.add_links"
+    ,   "option.add_syslinks"
+    ,   "option.add_cflags"
+    ,   "option.add_cxflags"
+    ,   "option.add_ldflags"
+    ,   "option.add_arflags"
+    ,   "option.add_shflags"
+    ,   "option.add_defines"
+    ,   "option.add_undefines"
+    ,   "option.add_frameworks"
+    ,   "option.add_rpathdirs"
+        -- package.add_xxx
+    ,   "package.add_links"
+    ,   "package.add_syslinks"
+    ,   "package.add_cflags"
+    ,   "package.add_cxflags"
+    ,   "package.add_ldflags"
+    ,   "package.add_arflags"
+    ,   "package.add_shflags"
+    ,   "package.add_defines"
+    ,   "package.add_undefines"
+    ,   "package.add_frameworks"
+    ,   "package.add_rpathdirs"
+    ,   "package.add_linkdirs"
+    ,   "package.add_includedirs" --@note we need not uses paths for package, see https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/717
+    ,   "package.add_sysincludedirs"
+    ,   "package.add_frameworkdirs"
+        -- toolchain.add_xxx
+    ,   "toolchain.add_links"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_syslinks"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_cflags"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_cxflags"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_ldflags"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_arflags"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_shflags"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_defines"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_undefines"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_frameworks"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_rpathdirs"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_linkdirs"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_includedirs"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_sysincludedirs"
+    ,   "toolchain.add_frameworkdirs"
+    }
+    apis.groups = {
+        -- target.add_xxx
+        "target.add_linkorders"
+    ,   "target.add_linkgroups"
+        -- package.add_xxx
+    ,   "package.add_linkorders"
+    ,   "package.add_linkgroups"
+    }
+    apis.paths = {
+        -- target.set_xxx
+        "target.set_pcheader"
+        -- target.add_xxx
+    ,   "target.add_headerfiles"
+    ,   "target.add_linkdirs"
+    ,   "target.add_includedirs"
+    ,   "target.add_sysincludedirs"
+    ,   "target.add_frameworkdirs"
+        -- option.add_xxx
+    ,   "option.add_linkdirs"
+    ,   "option.add_includedirs"
+    ,   "option.add_sysincludedirs"
+    ,   "option.add_frameworkdirs"
+    }
+    apis.dictionary = {
+        -- option.add_xxx
+        "option.add_csnippets"
+    }
+    return apis
+end
+
+function main()
+    return {apis = _get_apis()}
+end
+
+
diff --git a/xmake/languages/c/xmake.lua b/xmake/languages/c/xmake.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4e1a0041b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/xmake/languages/c/xmake.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,152 @@
+--!A cross-platform build utility based on Lua
+--
+-- Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+-- you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+-- You may obtain a copy of the License at
+--
+--     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+--
+-- Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+-- distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+-- WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+-- See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+-- limitations under the License.
+--
+-- Copyright (C) 2015-present, TBOOX Open Source Group.
+--
+-- @author      ruki
+-- @file        xmake.lua
+--
+
+language("c")
+    add_rules("c")
+    set_sourcekinds {cc = ".c"}
+    set_sourceflags {cc = {"cflags", "cxflags"}}
+    set_targetkinds {binary = "ld", static = "ar", shared = "sh"}
+    set_targetflags {binary = "ldflags", static = "arflags", shared = "shflags"}
+    set_langkinds   {c = "cc"}
+    set_mixingkinds("cc", "cxx", "as", "mrc")
+
+    on_load("load")
+    on_check_main("check_main")
+
+    set_nameflags {
+        object = {
+            "config.includedirs"
+        ,   "config.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "config.frameworks"
+        ,   "target.symbols"
+        ,   "target.warnings"
+        ,   "target.fpmodels"
+        ,   "target.optimize:check"
+        ,   "target.vectorexts:check"
+        ,   "target.languages"
+        ,   "target.runtimes"
+        ,   "target.includedirs"
+        ,   "target.defines"
+        ,   "target.undefines"
+        ,   "target.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "target.frameworks"
+        ,   "target.exceptions"
+        ,   "target.encodings"
+        ,   "target.pcheader"
+        ,   "target.forceincludes"
+        ,   "toolchain.includedirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.defines"
+        ,   "toolchain.undefines"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworks"
+        ,   "target.sysincludedirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.sysincludedirs"
+        }
+    ,   binary = {
+            "config.linkdirs"
+        ,   "config.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "target.linkdirs"
+        ,   "target.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "target.rpathdirs"
+        ,   "target.strip"
+        ,   "target.symbols"
+        ,   "target.optimize:check"
+        ,   "target.runtimes"
+        ,   "toolchain.linkdirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.rpathdirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "config.links"
+        ,   "target.linkgroups" -- we must move it before target.links, because we need sort correct order for package and its deps
+        ,   "target.links"
+        ,   "toolchain.links"
+        ,   "config.frameworks"
+        ,   "target.frameworks"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworks"
+        ,   "config.syslinks"
+        ,   "target.syslinks"
+        ,   "toolchain.syslinks"
+        }
+    ,   shared = {
+            "config.linkdirs"
+        ,   "config.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "target.linkdirs"
+        ,   "target.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "target.rpathdirs"
+        ,   "target.strip"
+        ,   "target.symbols"
+        ,   "target.optimize:check"
+        ,   "target.runtimes"
+        ,   "toolchain.linkdirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.rpathdirs"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworkdirs"
+        ,   "config.links"
+        ,   "target.links"
+        ,   "target.linkgroups"
+        ,   "toolchain.links"
+        ,   "config.frameworks"
+        ,   "target.frameworks"
+        ,   "toolchain.frameworks"
+        ,   "config.syslinks"
+        ,   "target.syslinks"
+        ,   "toolchain.syslinks"
+        }
+    ,   static = {
+            "target.strip"
+        ,   "target.symbols"
+        }
+    }
+
+    set_menu {
+                config =
+                {
+                    {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Compiler Configuration"                             }
+                ,   {nil, "cc",            "kv", nil,          "The C Compiler"                                     }
+                ,   {nil, "cpp",           "kv", nil,          "The C/C++ Preprocessor"                             }
+
+                ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Linker Configuration"                               }
+                ,   {nil, "ld",            "kv", nil,          "The Linker"                                         }
+                ,   {nil, "ar",            "kv", nil,          "The Static Library Linker"                          }
+                ,   {nil, "sh",            "kv", nil,          "The Shared Library Linker"                          }
+                ,   {nil, "ranlib",        "kv", nil,          "The Static Library Index Generator"                 }
+
+                ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Compiler Flags Configuration"                       }
+                ,   {nil, "cflags",        "kv", nil,          "The C Compiler Flags"                               }
+                ,   {nil, "cxflags",       "kv", nil,          "The C/C++ compiler Flags"                           }
+
+                ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Linker Flags Configuration"                         }
+                ,   {nil, "ldflags",       "kv", nil,          "The Binary Linker Flags"                            }
+                ,   {nil, "arflags",       "kv", nil,          "The Static Library Linker Flags"                    }
+                ,   {nil, "shflags",       "kv", nil,          "The Shared Library Linker Flags"                    }
+
+                ,   {category = "Cross Complation Configuration/Builtin Flags Configuration"                        }
+                ,   {nil, "links",         "kv", nil,          "The Link Libraries"                                 }
+                ,   {nil, "syslinks",      "kv", nil,          "The System Link Libraries"                          }
+                ,   {nil, "linkdirs",      "kv", nil,          "The Link Search Directories"                        }
+                ,   {nil, "includedirs",   "kv", nil,          "The Include Search Directories"                     }
+                ,   {nil, "frameworks",    "kv", nil,          "The Frameworks"                                     }
+                ,   {nil, "frameworkdirs", "kv", nil,          "The Frameworks Search Directories"                  }
+                }
+            }
+
+
+
+
+
+
diff --git a/xmake/modules/core/tools/cl.lua b/xmake/modules/core/tools/cl.lua
index 2d60f2a1b..18f6ee868 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/core/tools/cl.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/core/tools/cl.lua
@@ -184,10 +184,16 @@ function nf_optimize(self, level)
     return maps[level]
 end
 
--- make vs runtime flag
-function nf_runtime(self, vs_runtime)
-    if vs_runtime then
-        return "-" .. vs_runtime
+-- make the runtime flag
+function nf_runtime(self, runtime)
+    if runtime then
+        local maps = {
+            MT = "-MT",
+            MD = "-MD",
+            MTd = "-MTd",
+            MDd = "-MDd"
+        }
+        return maps[runtime]
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/xmake/modules/core/tools/clang.lua b/xmake/modules/core/tools/clang.lua
index 28a00d84f..313728894 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/core/tools/clang.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/core/tools/clang.lua
@@ -178,18 +178,33 @@ function _has_ms_runtime_lib(self)
     return has_ms_runtime_lib
 end
 
--- make vs runtime flag
+-- has -static-libstdc++?
+function _has_static_libstdcxx(self)
+    local has_static_libstdcxx = _g._HAS_STATIC_LIBSTDCXX
+    if has_static_libstdcxx == nil then
+        if self:has_flags("-static-libstdc++ -Werror", "ldflags", {flagskey = "clang_static_libstdcxx"}) then
+            has_static_libstdcxx = true
+        end
+        has_static_libstdcxx = has_static_libstdcxx or false
+        _g._HAS_STATIC_LIBSTDCXX = has_static_libstdcxx
+    end
+    return has_static_libstdcxx
+end
+
+
+-- make the runtime flag
 -- @see https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/3546
-function nf_runtime(self, vs_runtime)
-    if self:is_plat("windows") and vs_runtime then
+function nf_runtime(self, runtime, opt)
+    opt = opt or {}
+    local kind = self:kind()
+    if self:is_plat("windows") and runtime then
         if not _has_ms_runtime_lib(self) then
-            if vs_runtime:startswith("MD") then
-                wprint("%s runtime is not available for the current Clang compiler.", vs_runtime)
+            if runtime:startswith("MD") then
+                wprint("%s runtime is not available for the current Clang compiler.", runtime)
             end
             return
         end
         local maps
-        local kind = self:kind()
         if language.sourcekinds()[kind] then
             maps = {
                 MT  = "-fms-runtime-lib=static",
@@ -205,7 +220,32 @@ function nf_runtime(self, vs_runtime)
                 MDd = "-nostdlib"
             }
         end
-        return maps and maps[vs_runtime]
+        return maps and maps[runtime]
+    elseif not self:is_plat("android") then -- we will set runtimes in android ndk toolchain
+        local maps
+        if kind == "cxx" then
+            maps = {
+                ["c++_static"]    = "-stdlib=libc++",
+                ["c++_shared"]    = "-stdlib=libc++",
+                ["stdc++_static"] = "-stdlib=libstdc++",
+                ["stdc++_shared"] = "-stdlib=libstdc++",
+            }
+        elseif kind == "ld" or kind == "sh" then
+            local target = opt.target
+            if target and target.sourcekinds and table.contains(table.wrap(target:sourcekinds()), "cxx") then
+                maps = {
+                    ["c++_static"]    = "-stdlib=libc++",
+                    ["c++_shared"]    = "-stdlib=libc++",
+                    ["stdc++_static"] = "-stdlib=libstdc++",
+                    ["stdc++_shared"] = "-stdlib=libstdc++",
+                }
+                if runtime:endswith("_static") and _has_static_libstdcxx(self) then
+                    maps["c++_static"] = table.join(maps["c++_static"], "-static-libstdc++")
+                    maps["stdc++_static"] = table.join(maps["stdc++_static"], "-static-libstdc++")
+                end
+            end
+        end
+        return maps and maps[runtime]
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/xmake/modules/core/tools/link.lua b/xmake/modules/core/tools/link.lua
index 9c53c2e28..a144d515e 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/core/tools/link.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/core/tools/link.lua
@@ -113,9 +113,9 @@ function nf_syslink(self, lib)
     return nf_link(self, lib)
 end
 
--- make vs runtime flag
-function nf_runtime(self, vs_runtime)
-    if vs_runtime and vs_runtime:startswith("MT") then
+-- make the runtime flag
+function nf_runtime(self, runtime)
+    if runtime and runtime:startswith("MT") then
         return "-nodefaultlib:msvcrt.lib"
     end
 end
diff --git a/xmake/modules/core/tools/nvcc.lua b/xmake/modules/core/tools/nvcc.lua
index 604fbe505..127f51656 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/core/tools/nvcc.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/core/tools/nvcc.lua
@@ -171,9 +171,15 @@ function nf_optimize(self, level)
 end
 
 -- make vs runtime flag
-function nf_runtime(self, vs_runtime)
-    if self:is_plat("windows") and vs_runtime then
-        return '-Xcompiler "-' .. vs_runtime .. '"'
+function nf_runtime(self, runtime)
+    if self:is_plat("windows") and runtime then
+        local maps = {
+            MT = '-Xcompiler "-MT"',
+            MD = '-Xcompiler "-MD"',
+            MTd = '-Xcompiler "-MTd"',
+            MDd = '-Xcompiler "-MDd"'
+        }
+        return maps[runtime]
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v1/install_package.lua b/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v1/install_package.lua
index e443e585b..3475a21b3 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v1/install_package.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v1/install_package.lua
@@ -211,9 +211,9 @@ function main(conan, name, opt)
         table.insert(argv, "compiler=Visual Studio")
         table.insert(argv, "-s")
         table.insert(argv, "compiler.version=" .. assert(vsvers[vs], "unknown msvc version!"))
-        if configs.vs_runtime then
+        if configs.runtimes then
             table.insert(argv, "-s")
-            table.insert(argv, "compiler.runtime=" .. configs.vs_runtime)
+            table.insert(argv, "compiler.runtime=" .. configs.runtimes)
         end
     elseif opt.plat == "iphoneos" then
         local target_minver = nil
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v2/install_package.lua b/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v2/install_package.lua
index eb4299d83..5d2bdd384 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v2/install_package.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/manager/conan/v2/install_package.lua
@@ -167,6 +167,7 @@ function _conan_generate_compiler_profile(profile, configs, opt)
     local conf
     local plat = opt.plat
     local arch = opt.arch
+    local runtimes = configs.runtimes
     if plat == "windows" then
         -- https://github.com/conan-io/conan/blob/353c63b16c31c90d370305b5cbb5dc175cf8a443/conan/tools/microsoft/visual.py#L13
         local vsvers = {["2022"] = "193",
@@ -182,10 +183,9 @@ function _conan_generate_compiler_profile(profile, configs, opt)
         if tonumber(vs) >= 2015 then
             profile:print("compiler.cppstd=14")
         end
-        local vs_runtime = configs.vs_runtime
-        if vs_runtime then
-            profile:print("compiler.runtime=" .. (vs_runtime:startswith("MD") and "dynamic" or "static"))
-            profile:print("compiler.runtime_type=" .. (vs_runtime:endswith("d") and "Debug" or "Release"))
+        if runtimes then
+            profile:print("compiler.runtime=" .. (runtimes:startswith("MD") and "dynamic" or "static"))
+            profile:print("compiler.runtime_type=" .. (runtimes:endswith("d") and "Debug" or "Release"))
         end
     elseif plat == "iphoneos" then
         local target_minver = nil
@@ -212,9 +212,8 @@ function _conan_generate_compiler_profile(profile, configs, opt)
         if ndk_sdkver then
             profile:print("os.api_level=" .. ndk_sdkver)
         end
-        local ndk_cxxstl = config.get("ndk_cxxstl")
-        if ndk_cxxstl then
-            profile:print("compiler.libcxx=" .. ndk_cxxstl)
+        if runtimes then
+            profile:print("compiler.libcxx=" .. runtimes)
         end
         local program, toolname = ndk:tool("cc")
         local version = _conan_get_compiler_version(toolname, program)
@@ -229,11 +228,13 @@ function _conan_generate_compiler_profile(profile, configs, opt)
         if toolname == "gcc" or toolname == "clang" then
             profile:print("compiler=" .. toolname)
             profile:print("compiler.cppstd=gnu17")
-            if toolname == "clang" then
-                profile:print("compiler.libcxx=libc++")
-            else
-                profile:print("compiler.libcxx=libstdc++11")
+            local libcxx = "libstdc++11"
+            if runtimes and table.contains(table.wrap(runtimes), "c++_static", "c++_shared") then
+                libcxx = "libc++"
+            elseif not runtimes and toolname == "clang" then
+                libcxx = "libc++"
             end
+            profile:print("compiler.libcxx=" .. libcxx)
             local version = _conan_get_compiler_version(toolname, program)
             if version then
                 profile:print("compiler.version=" .. version)
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/manager/vcpkg/configurations.lua b/xmake/modules/package/manager/vcpkg/configurations.lua
index 997f8fa35..cb81e560a 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/manager/vcpkg/configurations.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/manager/vcpkg/configurations.lua
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ function triplet(configs, plat, arch)
     local triplet = arch .. "-" .. plat
     if plat == "windows" and configs.shared ~= true then
         triplet = triplet .. "-static"
-        if configs.vs_runtime and configs.vs_runtime:startswith("MD") then
+        if configs.runtimes and configs.runtimes:startswith("MD") then
             triplet = triplet .. "-md"
         end
     elseif plat == "mingw" then
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/tools/cmake.lua b/xmake/modules/package/tools/cmake.lua
index ecee111d8..525507b3c 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/tools/cmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/tools/cmake.lua
@@ -352,24 +352,24 @@ function _get_configs_for_windows(package, configs, opt)
     -- we maybe need patch `cmake_policy(SET CMP0091 NEW)` to enable this argument for some packages
     -- @see https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/policy/CMP0091.html#policy:CMP0091
     -- https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake-repo/pull/303
-    local vs_runtime = package:config("vs_runtime")
-    if vs_runtime == "MT" then
+    if package:has_runtime("MT") then
         table.insert(configs, "-DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreaded")
-    elseif vs_runtime == "MTd" then
+    elseif package:has_runtime("MTd") then
         table.insert(configs, "-DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreadedDebug")
-    elseif vs_runtime == "MD" then
+    elseif package:has_runtime("MD") then
         table.insert(configs, "-DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreadedDLL")
-    elseif vs_runtime == "MDd" then
+    elseif package:has_runtime("MDd") then
         table.insert(configs, "-DCMAKE_MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY=MultiThreadedDebugDLL")
     end
-    if vs_runtime then
+    local runtimes = package:runtimes()
+    if runtimes then
         -- CMake default MSVC flags as of 3.21.2
         local default_debug_flags = "/Zi /Ob0 /Od /RTC1"
         local default_release_flags = "/O2 /Ob2 /DNDEBUG"
-        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG=/' .. vs_runtime .. ' ' .. default_debug_flags)
-        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE=/' .. vs_runtime .. ' ' .. default_release_flags)
-        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG=/' .. vs_runtime .. ' ' .. default_debug_flags)
-        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE=/' .. vs_runtime .. ' ' .. default_release_flags)
+        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_DEBUG=/' .. runtimes .. ' ' .. default_debug_flags)
+        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_CXX_FLAGS_RELEASE=/' .. runtimes .. ' ' .. default_release_flags)
+        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_DEBUG=/' .. runtimes .. ' ' .. default_debug_flags)
+        table.insert(configs, '-DCMAKE_C_FLAGS_RELEASE=/' .. runtimes .. ' ' .. default_release_flags)
     end
     if not opt._configs_str:find("CMAKE_COMPILE_PDB_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY") then
         table.insert(configs, "-DCMAKE_COMPILE_PDB_OUTPUT_DIRECTORY=pdb")
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/tools/meson.lua b/xmake/modules/package/tools/meson.lua
index 56fc35bc4..e4d740d16 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/tools/meson.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/tools/meson.lua
@@ -316,10 +316,10 @@ function _get_configs(package, configs, opt)
         table.insert(configs, "-Db_sanitize=address")
     end
 
-    -- add vs_runtime flags
-    local vs_runtime = package:config("vs_runtime")
-    if package:is_plat("windows") and vs_runtime then
-        table.insert(configs, "-Db_vscrt=" .. vs_runtime:lower())
+    -- add runtimes flags
+    local runtimes = package:runtimes()
+    if package:is_plat("windows") and runtimes then
+        table.insert(configs, "-Db_vscrt=" .. runtimes:lower())
     end
 
     -- add cross file
diff --git a/xmake/modules/package/tools/xmake.lua b/xmake/modules/package/tools/xmake.lua
index 379a46d19..27c0bd872 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/package/tools/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/package/tools/xmake.lua
@@ -77,10 +77,10 @@ function _get_configs_for_windows(package, configs, opt)
             table.insert(configs, "--" .. name .. "=" .. tostring(value))
         end
     end
-    -- pass vs_runtime from package configs
-    local vs_runtime = package:config("vs_runtime")
-    if vs_runtime then
-        table.insert(configs, "--vs_runtime=" .. vs_runtime)
+    -- pass runtimes from package configs
+    local runtimes = package:config("runtimes")
+    if runtimes then
+        table.insert(configs, "--runtimes=" .. runtimes)
     end
     _get_configs_for_qt(package, configs, opt)
     _get_configs_for_vcpkg(package, configs, opt)
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/package.lua b/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/package.lua
index 8bbeeee45..5d352ee01 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/package.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/package.lua
@@ -28,6 +28,7 @@ import("core.cache.memcache")
 import("core.project.project")
 import("core.project.config")
 import("core.tool.toolchain")
+import("core.platform.platform")
 import("core.package.package", {alias = "core_package"})
 import("devel.git")
 import("private.action.require.impl.repository")
@@ -152,6 +153,13 @@ function _load_require(require_str, requires_extra, parentinfo)
         require_build_configs.debug = true
     end
 
+    -- vs_runtime is deprecated, we should use runtimes
+    if require_build_configs and require_build_configs.vs_runtime then
+        require_build_configs.runtimes = require_build_configs.vs_runtime
+        require_build_configs.vs_runtime = nil
+        wprint("add_requires(%s): vs_runtime is deprecated, please use runtimes!", require_str)
+    end
+
     -- require packge in the current host platform
     if require_extra.host then
         if is_subhost(core_package.targetplat()) and os.subarch() == core_package.targetarch() then
@@ -346,6 +354,25 @@ function _add_package_configurations(package)
     if package:extraconf("configs", "asan", "default") == nil then
         package:add("configs", "asan", {builtin = true, description = "Enable the address sanitizer.", type = "boolean"})
     end
+    if package:extraconf("configs", "runtimes", "default") == nil then
+        local values = {"MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd",
+                        "c++_static", "c++_shared", "stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared"}
+        package:add("configs", "runtimes", {builtin = true, description = "Set the compiler runtimes.", type = "string", values = values, restrict = function (value)
+            local values_set = hashset.from(values)
+            if type(value) ~= "string" then
+                return false
+            end
+            if value then
+                for _, item in ipairs(value:split(",", {plain = true})) do
+                    if not values_set:has(item) then
+                        return false
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+            return true
+        end})
+    end
+    -- deprecated, please use runtimes
     if package:extraconf("configs", "vs_runtime", "default") == nil then
         package:add("configs", "vs_runtime", {builtin = true, description = "Set vs compiler runtime.", values = {"MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd"}})
     end
@@ -438,7 +465,11 @@ function _check_package_configurations(package)
             if config_type ~= nil and type(value) ~= config_type then
                 raise("package(%s %s): invalid type(%s) for config(%s), need type(%s)!", package:displayname(), package:version_str(), type(value), name, config_type)
             end
-            if conf.values then
+            if conf.restrict then
+                if not conf.restrict(value) then
+                    raise("package(%s %s): invalid value(%s) for config(%s)!", package:displayname(), package:version_str(), string.serialize(value, {indent = false}), name)
+                end
+            elseif conf.values then
                 local found = false
                 for _, config_value in ipairs(conf.values) do
                     if tostring(value) == tostring(config_value) then
@@ -450,11 +481,6 @@ function _check_package_configurations(package)
                     raise("package(%s %s): invalid value(%s) for config(%s), please run `xmake require --info %s` to get all valid values!", package:displayname(), package:version_str(), value, name, package:name())
                 end
             end
-            if conf.restrict then
-                if not conf.restrict(value) then
-                    raise("package(%s %s): invalid value(%s) for config(%s)!", package:displayname(), package:version_str(), value, name)
-                end
-            end
         else
             raise("package(%s %s): invalid config(%s), please run `xmake require --info %s` to get all configurations!", package:displayname(), package:version_str(), name, package:name())
         end
@@ -513,9 +539,12 @@ function _init_requireinfo(requireinfo, package, opt)
                 requireinfo.configs.toolchains = requireinfo.configs.toolchains or get_config("toolchain")
             end
         end
-        requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime = requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime or project.get("target.runtimes")
+        requireinfo.configs.runtimes = requireinfo.configs.runtimes or project.get("target.runtimes")
         if project.policy("package.inherit_external_configs") then
-            requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime = requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime or get_config("vs_runtime")
+            requireinfo.configs.runtimes = requireinfo.configs.runtimes or get_config("runtimes") or get_config("vs_runtime")
+        end
+        if type(requireinfo.configs.runtimes) == "table" then
+            requireinfo.configs.runtimes = table.concat(requireinfo.configs.runtimes, ",")
         end
         if requireinfo.configs.lto == nil then
             requireinfo.configs.lto = project.policy("build.optimization.lto")
@@ -527,7 +556,7 @@ function _init_requireinfo(requireinfo, package, opt)
     -- but we will ignore some configs for buildhash in the headeronly and host/binary package
     -- @note on_test still need these configs, @see https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/4124
     if package:is_headeronly() or (package:is_binary() and not package:is_cross()) then
-        requireinfo.ignored_configs_for_buildhash = {"vs_runtime", "toolchains", "lto", "asan", "pic"}
+        requireinfo.ignored_configs_for_buildhash = {"runtimes", "toolchains", "lto", "asan", "pic"}
     end
 end
 
@@ -542,15 +571,28 @@ function _finish_requireinfo(requireinfo, package)
     end
     requireinfo.configs = requireinfo.configs or {}
     if not package:is_headeronly() then
-        if requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime == nil and package:is_plat("windows") then
-            requireinfo.configs.vs_runtime = "MT"
+        if requireinfo.configs.runtimes == nil and package:is_plat("windows") then
+            requireinfo.configs.runtimes = "MT"
         end
     end
     -- we need to ensure readonly configs
     for _, name in ipairs(table.keys(requireinfo.configs)) do
         local current = requireinfo.configs[name]
         local default = package:extraconf("configs", name, "default")
-        if package:extraconf("configs", name, "readonly") and current ~= default then
+        local readonly = package:extraconf("configs", name, "readonly")
+        if name == "runtimes" then
+            -- vs_runtime is deprecated, but we need also support it now.
+            if default == nil then
+                default = package:extraconf("configs", "vs_runtime", "default")
+            end
+            if readonly == nil then
+                readonly = package:extraconf("configs", "vs_runtime", "readonly")
+            end
+            if default ~= nil or readonly ~= nil then
+                wprint("please use add_configs(\"runtimes\") instead of add_configs(\"vs_runtime\").")
+            end
+        end
+        if readonly and current ~= default then
             wprint("configs.%s is readonly in package(%s), it's always %s", name, package:name(), default)
             -- package:config() will use default value after loading package
             requireinfo.configs[name] = nil
@@ -568,9 +610,9 @@ end
 
 -- merge requireinfo from `add_requireconfs()`
 --
--- add_requireconfs("*",                         {system = false, configs = {vs_runtime = "MD"}})
--- add_requireconfs("lib*",                      {system = false, configs = {vs_runtime = "MD"}})
--- add_requireconfs("libwebp",                   {system = false, configs = {vs_runtime = "MD"}})
+-- add_requireconfs("*",                         {system = false, configs = {runtimes = "MD"}})
+-- add_requireconfs("lib*",                      {system = false, configs = {runtimes = "MD"}})
+-- add_requireconfs("libwebp",                   {system = false, configs = {runtimes = "MD"}})
 -- add_requireconfs("libpng.zlib",               {system = false, override = true, configs = {cxflags = "-DTEST1"}, version = "1.2.10"})
 -- add_requireconfs("libtiff.*",                 {system = false, configs = {cxflags = "-DTEST2"}})
 -- add_requireconfs("libwebp.**|cmake|autoconf", {system = false, configs = {cxflags = "-DTEST3"}}) -- recursive deps
@@ -660,15 +702,15 @@ function _get_packagelock_key(requireinfo)
 end
 
 -- inherit some builtin configs of parent package if these config values are not default value
--- e.g. add_requires("libpng", {configs = {vs_runtime = "MD", pic = false}})
+-- e.g. add_requires("libpng", {configs = {runtimes = "MD", pic = false}})
 --
 function _inherit_parent_configs(requireinfo, package, parentinfo)
     if package:is_library() then
         local requireinfo_configs = requireinfo.configs or {}
         local parentinfo_configs  = parentinfo.configs or {}
         if not requireinfo_configs.shared then
-            if requireinfo_configs.vs_runtime == nil then
-                requireinfo_configs.vs_runtime = parentinfo_configs.vs_runtime
+            if requireinfo_configs.runtimes == nil then
+                requireinfo_configs.runtimes = parentinfo_configs.runtimes
             end
             if requireinfo_configs.pic == nil then
                 requireinfo_configs.pic = parentinfo_configs.pic
@@ -681,7 +723,7 @@ function _inherit_parent_configs(requireinfo, package, parentinfo)
             requireinfo.arch = parentinfo.arch
         end
         requireinfo_configs.toolchains = requireinfo_configs.toolchains or parentinfo_configs.toolchains
-        requireinfo_configs.vs_runtime = requireinfo_configs.vs_runtime or parentinfo_configs.vs_runtime
+        requireinfo_configs.runtimes = requireinfo_configs.runtimes or parentinfo_configs.runtimes
         requireinfo_configs.lto = requireinfo_configs.lto or parentinfo_configs.lto
         requireinfo_configs.asan = requireinfo_configs.asan or parentinfo_configs.asan
         requireinfo.configs = requireinfo_configs
@@ -764,6 +806,35 @@ function _select_artifacts(package, artifacts_manifest)
     end
 end
 
+-- select package runtimes
+function _select_package_runtimes(package)
+    local runtimes = package:config("runtimes")
+    if runtimes then
+        local runtimes_supported = hashset.new()
+        local toolchains = package:toolchains() or platform.load(package:plat(), package:arch()):toolchains()
+        if toolchains then
+            for _, toolchain_inst in ipairs(toolchains) do
+                if toolchain_inst:is_standalone() and toolchain_inst:get("runtimes") then
+                    for _, runtime in ipairs(table.wrap(toolchain_inst:get("runtimes"))) do
+                        runtimes_supported:insert(runtime)
+                    end
+                end
+            end
+        end
+        local runtimes_current = {}
+        for _, runtime in ipairs(table.wrap(runtimes:split(",", {plain = true}))) do
+            if runtimes_supported:has(runtime) then
+                table.insert(runtimes_current, runtime)
+            end
+        end
+        -- we need update runtimes for buildhash, configs ...
+        local requireinfo = package:requireinfo()
+        if requireinfo and requireinfo.configs then
+            requireinfo.configs.runtimes = #runtimes_current > 0 and table.concat(runtimes_current, ",") or nil
+        end
+    end
+end
+
 -- load required packages
 function _load_package(packagename, requireinfo, opt)
 
@@ -838,7 +909,7 @@ function _load_package(packagename, requireinfo, opt)
     -- merge requireinfo from `add_requireconfs()`
     _merge_requireinfo(requireinfo, opt.requirepath)
 
-    -- inherit some builtin configs of parent package, e.g. vs_runtime, pic
+    -- inherit some builtin configs of parent package, e.g. runtimes, pic
     if opt.parentinfo then
         _inherit_parent_configs(requireinfo, package, opt.parentinfo)
     end
@@ -897,6 +968,13 @@ function _load_package(packagename, requireinfo, opt)
     -- check package configurations
     _check_package_configurations(package)
 
+    -- we need to select package runtimes before computing buildhash
+    -- @see https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/pull/4630#issuecomment-1910216561
+    _select_package_runtimes(package)
+
+    -- pre-compute the package buildhash
+    package:_compute_buildhash()
+
     -- save artifacts info, we need to add it at last before buildhash need depend on package configurations
     -- it will switch to install precompiled binary package from xmake-mirror/build-artifacts
     if from_repo and not option.get("build") and not requireinfo.build then
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/remove_packages.lua b/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/remove_packages.lua
index 1a5e99f83..3dcfeecf9 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/remove_packages.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/action/require/impl/remove_packages.lua
@@ -33,7 +33,7 @@ function _get_package_configs_str(manifest_file)
             if type(v) == "boolean" then
                 table.insert(configs, k .. ":" .. (v and "y" or "n"))
             else
-                table.insert(configs, k .. ":" .. v)
+                table.insert(configs, k .. ":" .. string.serialize(v, {strip = true, indent = false}))
             end
         end
         local configs_str = #configs > 0 and "[" .. table.concat(configs, ", ") .. "]" or ""
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/action/trybuild/xrepo.lua b/xmake/modules/private/action/trybuild/xrepo.lua
index cfb63e553..31d866d58 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/action/trybuild/xrepo.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/action/trybuild/xrepo.lua
@@ -111,9 +111,10 @@ function _get_common_configs(argv)
     if config.get("toolchain") then
         table.insert(argv, "--toolchain=" .. config.get("toolchain"))
     end
-    if config.get("vs_runtime") then
+    local runtimes = config.get("runtimes") or config.get("vs_runtime")
+    if runtimes then
         table.insert(argv, "-f")
-        table.insert(argv, "vs_runtime='" .. config.get("vs_runtime") .. "'")
+        table.insert(argv, "runtimes='" .. runtimes .. "'")
     end
 end
 
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/env.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/env.lua
index 5a9347922..b2e421f24 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/env.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/env.lua
@@ -49,7 +49,7 @@ function menu_options()
         {nil, "show",       "k",  nil, "Only show environment information."  },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo env -f \"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib cmake ..",
+                                       "    - xrepo env -f \"runtimes='MD'\" zlib cmake ..",
                                        "    - xrepo env -f \"regex=true,thread=true\" \"zlib,boost\" cmake .."},
         {nil, "add",        "k",  nil, "Add global environment config.",
                                        "e.g.",
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/export.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/export.lua
index 551d978a3..4c718bcb0 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/export.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/export.lua
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo export -f \"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo export -f \"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo export -f \"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {},
         {nil, "includes",   "kv", nil, "Includes extra lua configuration files."},
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/fetch.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/fetch.lua
index b54294a68..4455d21e7 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/fetch.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/fetch.lua
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {nil, "system",     "k", "false", "Only fetch package on current system."},
         {},
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/import.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/import.lua
index 8c32e2c0f..7ad0a1759 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/import.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/import.lua
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo import -f \"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo import -f \"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo import -f \"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {},
         {'i', "packagedir",  "kv", "packages","Set the imported packages directory."},
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/info.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/info.lua
index 3bc547b94..e89ac80af 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/info.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/info.lua
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo fetch --configs=\"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {},
         {nil, "packages",   "vs", nil, "The packages list.",
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/install.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/install.lua
index dfcaadf80..81420f51f 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/install.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/install.lua
@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",       "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo install -f \"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo install -f \"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo install -f \"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {'j', "jobs",          "kv", tostring(os.default_njob()),
                                           "Set the number of parallel compilation jobs."},
diff --git a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/remove.lua b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/remove.lua
index dd850deb6..38be707fb 100644
--- a/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/remove.lua
+++ b/xmake/modules/private/xrepo/action/remove.lua
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ function menu_options()
                                        values = {"release", "debug"}         },
         {'f', "configs",    "kv", nil, "Set the given extra package configs.",
                                        "e.g.",
-                                       "    - xrepo remove -f \"vs_runtime='MD'\" zlib",
+                                       "    - xrepo remove -f \"runtimes='MD'\" zlib",
                                        "    - xrepo remove -f \"regex=true,thread=true\" boost"},
         {nil, "toolchain",  "kv", nil, "Set the toolchain name."          },
         {},
diff --git a/xmake/platforms/android/xmake.lua b/xmake/platforms/android/xmake.lua
index 48f1463e1..4199dbcc6 100644
--- a/xmake/platforms/android/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/platforms/android/xmake.lua
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ platform("android")
                 ,   {nil, "android_sdk",    "kv", nil,          "The Android SDK Directory"             }
                 ,   {nil, "build_toolver",  "kv", nil,          "The Build Tool Version of Android SDK" }
                 ,   {nil, "ndk_stdcxx",     "kv", true,         "Use stdc++ library for NDK"            }
-                ,   {nil, "ndk_cxxstl",     "kv", nil,          "The stdc++ stl library for NDK",
+                ,   {nil, "ndk_cxxstl",     "kv", nil,          "The stdc++ stl library for NDK, (deprecated, please use --runtimes)",
                                                                 "    - c++_static",
                                                                 "    - c++_shared",
                                                                 "    - gnustl_static",
diff --git a/xmake/platforms/windows/xmake.lua b/xmake/platforms/windows/xmake.lua
index 84160b818..14ada8784 100644
--- a/xmake/platforms/windows/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/platforms/windows/xmake.lua
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ platform("windows")
                                                     , "  e.g. --vs_toolset=14.0"                    }
                 ,   {nil, "vs_sdkver",  "kv", nil,    "The Windows SDK Version of Visual Studio"
                                                     , "  e.g. --vs_sdkver=10.0.15063.0"             }
-                ,   {nil, "vs_runtime", "kv", nil,    "The Runtime library of Visual Studio"
+                ,   {nil, "vs_runtime", "kv", nil,    "The Runtime library of Visual Studio (deprecated, please use --runtimes)"
                                                     , values = {"MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd"}           }
                 ,   {category = "Cuda SDK Configuration"                                            }
                 ,   {nil, "cuda",       "kv", "auto", "The Cuda SDK Directory"                      }
diff --git a/xmake/plugins/project/cmake/cmakelists.lua b/xmake/plugins/project/cmake/cmakelists.lua
index ddef34471..6fcf38313 100644
--- a/xmake/plugins/project/cmake/cmakelists.lua
+++ b/xmake/plugins/project/cmake/cmakelists.lua
@@ -753,31 +753,31 @@ function _add_target_symbols(cmakelists, target)
     end
 end
 
--- add target vs runtime
+-- add target runtimes
 --
 -- https://github.com/xmake-io/xmake/issues/1661#issuecomment-927979489
 -- https://cmake.org/cmake/help/latest/prop_tgt/MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY.html
 --
-function _add_target_vs_runtime(cmakelists, target)
+function _add_target_runtimes(cmakelists, target)
     local cmake_minver = _get_cmake_minver()
     if cmake_minver:ge("3.15.0") then
-        local vs_runtime = target:get("runtimes")
+        local runtimes = target:get("runtimes")
         cmakelists:print("if(MSVC)")
-        if vs_runtime then
-            if vs_runtime == "MT" then
-                vs_runtime = "MultiThreaded"
-            elseif vs_runtime == "MTd" then
-                vs_runtime = "MultiThreadedDebug"
-            elseif vs_runtime == "MD" then
-                vs_runtime = "MultiThreadedDLL"
-            elseif vs_runtime == "MDd" then
-                vs_runtime = "MultiThreadedDebugDLL"
+        if runtimes then
+            if runtimes == "MT" then
+                runtimes = "MultiThreaded"
+            elseif runtimes == "MTd" then
+                runtimes = "MultiThreadedDebug"
+            elseif runtimes == "MD" then
+                runtimes = "MultiThreadedDLL"
+            elseif runtimes == "MDd" then
+                runtimes = "MultiThreadedDebugDLL"
             end
         else
-            vs_runtime = "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>"
+            runtimes = "MultiThreaded$<$<CONFIG:Debug>:Debug>"
         end
         cmakelists:print('    set_property(TARGET %s PROPERTY', target:name())
-        cmakelists:print('        MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "%s")', vs_runtime)
+        cmakelists:print('        MSVC_RUNTIME_LIBRARY "%s")', runtimes)
         cmakelists:print("endif()")
     end
 end
@@ -1047,8 +1047,8 @@ function _add_target(cmakelists, target, outputdir)
     -- add target symbols
     _add_target_symbols(cmakelists, target)
 
-    -- add vs runtime for msvc
-    _add_target_vs_runtime(cmakelists, target)
+    -- add target runtimes
+    _add_target_runtimes(cmakelists, target)
 
     -- add target link libraries
     _add_target_link_libraries(cmakelists, target, outputdir)
diff --git a/xmake/rules/c++/xmake.lua b/xmake/rules/c++/xmake.lua
index 80d2e1417..dedb63ed5 100644
--- a/xmake/rules/c++/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/rules/c++/xmake.lua
@@ -46,10 +46,35 @@ rule("c++.build")
         end
     end)
 
+rule("c")
+
+    -- add build rules
+    add_deps("c.build")
+
+    -- set compiler runtime, e.g. vs runtime
+    add_deps("utils.compiler.runtime")
+
+    -- inherit links and linkdirs of all dependent targets by default
+    add_deps("utils.inherit.links")
+
+    -- support `add_files("src/*.o")` and `add_files("src/*.a")` to merge object and archive files to target
+    add_deps("utils.merge.object", "utils.merge.archive")
+
+    -- we attempt to extract symbols to the independent file and
+    -- strip self-target binary if `set_symbols("debug")` and `set_strip("all")` are enabled
+    add_deps("utils.symbols.extract")
+
+    -- add platform rules
+    add_deps("platform.wasm")
+    add_deps("platform.windows")
+
+    -- add linker rules
+    add_deps("linker")
+
 rule("c++")
 
     -- add build rules
-    add_deps("c++.build", "c.build")
+    add_deps("c++.build")
 
     -- set compiler runtime, e.g. vs runtime
     add_deps("utils.compiler.runtime")
diff --git a/xmake/rules/utils/compiler_runtime/xmake.lua b/xmake/rules/utils/compiler_runtime/xmake.lua
index f8e3d39d0..1a50fddef 100644
--- a/xmake/rules/utils/compiler_runtime/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/rules/utils/compiler_runtime/xmake.lua
@@ -21,11 +21,24 @@
 -- define rule: utils.compiler.runtime
 rule("utils.compiler.runtime")
     on_config(function (target)
-
-        -- set vs runtime
-        local vs_runtime = get_config("vs_runtime")
-        if vs_runtime and target:is_plat("windows") and not target:get("runtimes") then
-            target:set("runtimes", vs_runtime)
+        local runtimes = get_config("runtimes")
+        if not runtimes and target:is_plat("windows") then
+            runtimes = get_config("vs_runtime")
+            if runtimes then
+                wprint("--vs_runtime=%s is deprecated, please use --runtimes=%s", runtimes, runtimes)
+            end
+        end
+        if not runtimes and target:is_plat("android") then
+            runtimes = get_config("ndk_cxxstl")
+            if runtimes then
+                wprint("--ndk_cxxstl=%s is deprecated, please use --runtimes=%s", runtimes, runtimes)
+            end
+        end
+        if runtimes and not target:get("runtimes") then
+            if type(runtimes) == "string" then
+                runtimes = runtimes:split(",", {plain = true})
+            end
+            target:set("runtimes", runtimes)
         end
     end)
 
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/clang-cl/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/clang-cl/xmake.lua
index 79ca6dc6e..443eba0a2 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/clang-cl/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/clang-cl/xmake.lua
@@ -30,16 +30,10 @@
 -- @endcode
 --
 toolchain("clang-cl")
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://visualstudio.microsoft.com")
     set_description("LLVM Clang C/C++ Compiler compatible with msvc")
+    set_runtimes("MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- check toolchain
     on_check("check")
-
-    -- load toolchain
     on_load("load")
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/clang/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/clang/xmake.lua
index 0f9662cee..981cac82e 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/clang/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/clang/xmake.lua
@@ -25,11 +25,10 @@ if version then
     suffix = suffix .. "-" .. version
 end
 toolchain("clang" .. suffix)
-
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://clang.llvm.org/")
     set_description("A C language family frontend for LLVM" .. (version and (" (" .. version .. ")") or ""))
-
-    set_kind("standalone")
+    set_runtimes("c++_static", "c++_shared", "stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared")
 
     set_toolset("cc", "clang" .. suffix)
     set_toolset("cxx", "clang" .. suffix, "clang++" .. suffix)
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/gcc/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/gcc/xmake.lua
index 365341eda..9b01a80f5 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/gcc/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/gcc/xmake.lua
@@ -25,15 +25,11 @@ if version then
     suffix = suffix .. "-" .. version
 end
 toolchain("gcc" .. suffix)
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://gcc.gnu.org/")
     set_description("GNU Compiler Collection" .. (version and (" (" .. version .. ")") or ""))
+    set_runtimes("stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- set toolset
     set_toolset("cc", "gcc" .. suffix)
     set_toolset("cxx", "gcc" .. suffix, "g++" .. suffix)
     set_toolset("ld", "g++" .. suffix, "gcc" .. suffix)
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/llvm/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/llvm/xmake.lua
index 3525a2d6d..ef27a2073 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/llvm/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/llvm/xmake.lua
@@ -18,17 +18,12 @@
 -- @file        xmake.lua
 --
 
--- define toolchain
 toolchain("llvm")
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://llvm.org/")
     set_description("A collection of modular and reusable compiler and toolchain technologies")
+    set_runtimes("c++_static", "c++_shared", "stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- set toolset
     set_toolset("cc",     "clang")
     set_toolset("cxx",    "clang", "clang++")
     set_toolset("mxx",    "clang", "clang++")
@@ -42,10 +37,8 @@ toolchain("llvm")
     set_toolset("strip",  "llvm-strip")
     set_toolset("mrc",    "llvm-rc")
 
-    -- check toolchain
     on_check("check")
 
-    -- on load
     on_load(function (toolchain)
 
         -- add march flags
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/msvc/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/msvc/xmake.lua
index a79cb4268..9ef6babe1 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/msvc/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/msvc/xmake.lua
@@ -30,16 +30,10 @@
 -- @endcode
 --
 toolchain("msvc")
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://visualstudio.microsoft.com")
     set_description("Microsoft Visual C/C++ Compiler")
+    set_runtimes("MT", "MTd", "MD", "MDd")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- check toolchain
     on_check("check")
-
-    -- load toolchain
     on_load("load")
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/ndk/load.lua b/xmake/toolchains/ndk/load.lua
index dac6388ca..896e4b837 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/ndk/load.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/ndk/load.lua
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@
 --
 
 -- imports
+import("core.base.hashset")
 import("core.project.config")
 
 -- get triple
@@ -207,8 +208,17 @@ function main(toolchain)
 
         -- get c++ stl sdk directory
         local cxxstl_sdkdir = nil
-        local ndk_cxxstl = config.get("ndk_cxxstl")
+        local ndk_cxxstl = config.get("runtimes") or config.get("ndk_cxxstl")
         if ndk_cxxstl then
+            if ndk_cxxstl:find(",", 1, true) then
+                local runtimes_supported = hashset.from(toolchain:get("runtimes"))
+                for _, item in ipairs(ndk_cxxstl:split(",")) do
+                    if runtimes_supported:has(item) then
+                        ndk_cxxstl = item
+                        break
+                    end
+                end
+            end
             -- we uses c++_static/c++_shared instead of llvmstl_static/llvmstl_shared
             if ndk_cxxstl:startswith("c++") or ndk_cxxstl:startswith("llvmstl") then
                 cxxstl_sdkdir = cxxstl_sdkdir_llvmstl
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/ndk/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/ndk/xmake.lua
index 609efb4a2..108d52275 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/ndk/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/ndk/xmake.lua
@@ -30,16 +30,10 @@
 -- @endcode
 --
 toolchain("ndk")
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://developer.android.com/ndk")
     set_description("Android NDK")
+    set_runtimes("c++_static", "c++_shared", "gnustl_static", "gnustl_shared", "stlport_static", "stlport_shared")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- check toolchain
     on_check("check")
-
-    -- load toolchain
     on_load("load")
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_appletvos.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_appletvos.lua
index aad701ad5..8d723149f 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_appletvos.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_appletvos.lua
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
 -- @file        load_appletvos.lua
 --
 
--- imports
-import("core.project.config")
-
--- main entry
 function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init architecture
@@ -38,8 +34,8 @@ function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init flags for c/c++
     toolchain:add("cxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
 
     -- init flags for objc/c++
     toolchain:add("mxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_applexros.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_applexros.lua
index 61b142374..09805cdc3 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_applexros.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_applexros.lua
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
 -- @file        load_applexros.lua
 --
 
--- imports
-import("core.project.config")
-
--- main entry
 function main(toolchain)
 
     local arch = toolchain:arch()
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_iphoneos.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_iphoneos.lua
index 77a581b0c..a36fa50b9 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_iphoneos.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_iphoneos.lua
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
 -- @file        load_iphoneos.lua
 --
 
--- imports
-import("core.project.config")
-
--- main entry
 function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init architecture
@@ -41,8 +37,8 @@ function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init flags for c/c++
     toolchain:add("cxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
 
     -- init flags for objc/c++
     toolchain:add("mxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_macosx.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_macosx.lua
index 039152067..071f8ec6d 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_macosx.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_macosx.lua
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
 -- @file        load_macosx.lua
 --
 
--- imports
-import("core.project.config")
-
--- main entry
 function main(toolchain)
 
     local arch          = toolchain:arch()
@@ -75,8 +71,6 @@ function main(toolchain)
     end
 
     -- init flags for c/c++
-    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-stdlib=libc++")
-    toolchain:add("shflags", "-stdlib=libc++")
     toolchain:add("ldflags", "-lz")
     toolchain:add("shflags", "-lz")
 
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_watchos.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_watchos.lua
index a727776bd..cceabeb02 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_watchos.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/load_watchos.lua
@@ -18,10 +18,6 @@
 -- @file        load_watchos.lua
 --
 
--- imports
-import("core.project.config")
-
--- main entry
 function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init architecture
@@ -38,8 +34,8 @@ function main(toolchain)
 
     -- init flags for c/c++
     toolchain:add("cxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
-    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-lstdc++", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("ldflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
+    toolchain:add("shflags", "-arch", arch, "-ObjC", "-fobjc-link-runtime", target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
 
     -- init flags for objc/c++
     toolchain:add("mxflags", "-arch", arch, target_minver_flags, "-isysroot", xcode_sysroot)
diff --git a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/xmake.lua b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/xmake.lua
index ff304e3b2..2f9e6a053 100644
--- a/xmake/toolchains/xcode/xmake.lua
+++ b/xmake/toolchains/xcode/xmake.lua
@@ -18,20 +18,13 @@
 -- @file        xmake.lua
 --
 
--- define toolchain
 toolchain("xcode")
-
-    -- set homepage
+    set_kind("standalone")
     set_homepage("https://developer.apple.com/xcode/")
     set_description("Xcode IDE")
+    set_runtimes("c++_static", "c++_shared", "stdc++_static", "stdc++_shared")
 
-    -- mark as standalone toolchain
-    set_kind("standalone")
-
-    -- check toolchain
     on_check("check")
-
-    -- load toolchain
     on_load(function (toolchain)
 
         -- set toolset