Merge pull request #7105 from xmake-io/spv

add bin2obj support for glsl/hlsl2spv

22 files changed, 485 insertions, 79 deletions

diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/.gitignore b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 152105761..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# Xmake cache
-.xmake/
-build/
-
-# MacOS Cache
-.DS_Store
-
-
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/main.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 56e54d771..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/main.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-static unsigned char g_test_vert_spv_data[] = {
-    #include "test.vert.spv.h"
-};
-
-static unsigned char g_test_frag_spv_data[] = {
-    #include "test.frag.spv.h"
-};
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    printf("test.vert.spv: %s, size: %d\n", g_test_vert_spv_data, (int)sizeof(g_test_vert_spv_data));
-    printf("test.frag.spv: %s, size: %d\n", g_test_frag_spv_data, (int)sizeof(g_test_frag_spv_data));
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3dfe7b351
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+static unsigned char g_test_vert_spv_data[] = {
+    #include "test.vert.spv.h"
+};
+
+static unsigned char g_test_frag_spv_data[] = {
+    #include "test.frag.spv.h"
+};
+
+static void hexdump(const char* name, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t size) {
+    printf("%s: size: %u bytes\n", name, (unsigned int)size);
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    // if file is larger than 128 bytes, only dump first 64 and last 64 bytes
+    uint32_t dump_size = size;
+    uint32_t start_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t end_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t skip_size = 0;
+    
+    if (size > 128) {
+        dump_size = 64;
+        start_offset = 0;
+        end_offset = size - 64;
+        skip_size = end_offset - start_offset - dump_size;
+    }
+    
+    // dump start
+    for (uint32_t offset = start_offset; offset < start_offset + dump_size; offset += 16) {
+        // print offset
+        printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+        
+        // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            if (offset + i < size) {
+                printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+            } else {
+                printf("   ");
+            }
+            if (i == 7) {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // print ASCII representation
+        printf(" |");
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+            uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+            printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+        }
+        printf("|\n");
+    }
+    
+    // print skip indicator if needed
+    if (skip_size > 0) {
+        printf("        ... (skipped %u bytes) ...\n", (unsigned int)skip_size);
+    }
+    
+    // dump end if needed
+    if (size > 128) {
+        for (uint32_t offset = end_offset; offset < size; offset += 16) {
+            // print offset
+            printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+            
+            // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                if (offset + i < size) {
+                    printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+                } else {
+                    printf("   ");
+                }
+                if (i == 7) {
+                    printf(" ");
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // print ASCII representation
+            printf(" |");
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+                uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+                printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+            }
+            printf("|\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    hexdump("test.vert.spv", g_test_vert_spv_data, (uint32_t)sizeof(g_test_vert_spv_data));
+    printf("\n");
+    hexdump("test.frag.spv", g_test_frag_spv_data, (uint32_t)sizeof(g_test_frag_spv_data));
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/test.frag b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.frag
index 9aeec4257..9aeec4257 100644
--- a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/test.frag
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.frag
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/test.vert b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.vert
index 31dedf3e7..9aeec4257 100644
--- a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/src/test.vert
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.vert
@@ -3,3 +3,4 @@ precision mediump float;
 
 void main() {
 }
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/xmake.lua
index 111927e56..111927e56 100644
--- a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv/xmake.lua
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2c/xmake.lua
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6e5449fac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_vert_spv_start[];
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_vert_spv_end[];
+
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_frag_spv_start[];
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_frag_spv_end[];
+
+static void hexdump(const char* name, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t size) {
+    printf("%s: size: %u bytes\n", name, (unsigned int)size);
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    // if file is larger than 128 bytes, only dump first 64 and last 64 bytes
+    uint32_t dump_size = size;
+    uint32_t start_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t end_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t skip_size = 0;
+    
+    if (size > 128) {
+        dump_size = 64;
+        start_offset = 0;
+        end_offset = size - 64;
+        skip_size = end_offset - start_offset - dump_size;
+    }
+    
+    // dump start
+    for (uint32_t offset = start_offset; offset < start_offset + dump_size; offset += 16) {
+        // print offset
+        printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+        
+        // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            if (offset + i < size) {
+                printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+            } else {
+                printf("   ");
+            }
+            if (i == 7) {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // print ASCII representation
+        printf(" |");
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+            uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+            printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+        }
+        printf("|\n");
+    }
+    
+    // print skip indicator if needed
+    if (skip_size > 0) {
+        printf("        ... (skipped %u bytes) ...\n", (unsigned int)skip_size);
+    }
+    
+    // dump end if needed
+    if (size > 128) {
+        for (uint32_t offset = end_offset; offset < size; offset += 16) {
+            // print offset
+            printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+            
+            // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                if (offset + i < size) {
+                    printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+                } else {
+                    printf("   ");
+                }
+                if (i == 7) {
+                    printf(" ");
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // print ASCII representation
+            printf(" |");
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+                uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+                printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+            }
+            printf("|\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    const uint32_t vert_size = (uint32_t)(_binary_test_vert_spv_end - _binary_test_vert_spv_start);
+    const uint32_t frag_size = (uint32_t)(_binary_test_frag_spv_end - _binary_test_frag_spv_start);
+    
+    hexdump("test.vert.spv", _binary_test_vert_spv_start, vert_size);
+    printf("\n");
+    hexdump("test.frag.spv", _binary_test_frag_spv_start, frag_size);
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.frag b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.frag
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aeec4257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.frag
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#version 330
+precision mediump float;
+
+void main() {
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vert b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vert
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9aeec4257
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vert
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+#version 330
+precision mediump float;
+
+void main() {
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/xmake.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..36382be66
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/glsl2spv_bin2obj/xmake.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+add_rules("mode.debug", "mode.release")
+
+add_requires("glslang", {configs = {binaryonly = true}})
+
+target("test")
+    set_kind("binary")
+    add_rules("utils.glsl2spv", {bin2obj = true})
+    add_files("src/*.c")
+    add_files("src/*.vert", "src/*.frag")
+    add_packages("glslang")
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/.gitignore b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/.gitignore
deleted file mode 100644
index 152105761..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/.gitignore
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,8 +0,0 @@
-# Xmake cache
-.xmake/
-build/
-
-# MacOS Cache
-.DS_Store
-
-
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/main.c
deleted file mode 100644
index 29a65edb1..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/main.c
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,16 +0,0 @@
-#include <stdio.h>
-
-static unsigned char g_test_vert_spv_data[] = {
-    #include "test.vs.spv.h"
-};
-
-static unsigned char g_test_frag_spv_data[] = {
-    #include "test.ps.spv.h"
-};
-
-int main(int argc, char** argv)
-{
-    printf("test.vert.spv: %s, size: %d\n", g_test_vert_spv_data, (int)sizeof(g_test_vert_spv_data));
-    printf("test.frag.spv: %s, size: %d\n", g_test_frag_spv_data, (int)sizeof(g_test_frag_spv_data));
-    return 0;
-}
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.ps.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.ps.hlsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 95c63d53c..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.ps.hlsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,10 +0,0 @@
-struct PS_INPUT
-{
-  float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
-  float3 color : COLOR0;
-};
-
-float4 main(PS_INPUT input) : SV_Target
-{
-  return float4(input.color, 1.0);
-}
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.vs.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.vs.hlsl
deleted file mode 100644
index 97fab0408..000000000
--- a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/src/test.vs.hlsl
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,19 +0,0 @@
-struct VS_INPUT
-{
-    float2 pos : POSITION;
-    float3 color : COLOR0;
-};
-
-struct VS_OUTPUT
-{
-    float4 pos : SV_POSITION;
-    float3 color : COLOR0;
-};
-
-VS_OUTPUT main(VS_INPUT input)
-{
-    VS_OUTPUT output;
-    output.pos = float4(input.pos, 0.0, 1.0);
-    output.color = input.color;
-    return output;
-}
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..0a05e7506
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+static unsigned char g_test_vs_spv_data[] = {
+    #include "test.vs.spv.h"
+};
+
+static unsigned char g_test_ps_spv_data[] = {
+    #include "test.ps.spv.h"
+};
+
+static void hexdump(const char* name, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t size) {
+    printf("%s: size: %u bytes\n", name, (unsigned int)size);
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    // if file is larger than 128 bytes, only dump first 64 and last 64 bytes
+    uint32_t dump_size = size;
+    uint32_t start_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t end_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t skip_size = 0;
+    
+    if (size > 128) {
+        dump_size = 64;
+        start_offset = 0;
+        end_offset = size - 64;
+        skip_size = end_offset - start_offset - dump_size;
+    }
+    
+    // dump start
+    for (uint32_t offset = start_offset; offset < start_offset + dump_size; offset += 16) {
+        // print offset
+        printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+        
+        // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            if (offset + i < size) {
+                printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+            } else {
+                printf("   ");
+            }
+            if (i == 7) {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // print ASCII representation
+        printf(" |");
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+            uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+            printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+        }
+        printf("|\n");
+    }
+    
+    // print skip indicator if needed
+    if (skip_size > 0) {
+        printf("        ... (skipped %u bytes) ...\n", (unsigned int)skip_size);
+    }
+    
+    // dump end if needed
+    if (size > 128) {
+        for (uint32_t offset = end_offset; offset < size; offset += 16) {
+            // print offset
+            printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+            
+            // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                if (offset + i < size) {
+                    printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+                } else {
+                    printf("   ");
+                }
+                if (i == 7) {
+                    printf(" ");
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // print ASCII representation
+            printf(" |");
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+                uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+                printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+            }
+            printf("|\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv)
+{
+    hexdump("test.vs.spv", g_test_vs_spv_data, (uint32_t)sizeof(g_test_vs_spv_data));
+    printf("\n");
+    hexdump("test.ps.spv", g_test_ps_spv_data, (uint32_t)sizeof(g_test_ps_spv_data));
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.ps.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.ps.hlsl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c534d30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.ps.hlsl
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+struct PSInput {
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+float4 main(PSInput input) : SV_TARGET {
+    return float4(input.texcoord, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.vs.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.vs.hlsl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e86b3b263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/src/test.vs.hlsl
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+struct VSInput {
+    float3 position : POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+struct VSOutput {
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+VSOutput main(VSInput input) {
+    VSOutput output;
+    output.position = float4(input.position, 1.0);
+    output.texcoord = input.texcoord;
+    return output;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/xmake.lua
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..944747cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2c/xmake.lua
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+add_rules("mode.debug", "mode.release")
+
+add_requires("directxshadercompiler", {configs = {binaryonly = true}})
+
+target("test")
+    set_kind("binary")
+    add_rules("utils.hlsl2spv", {bin2c = true})
+    add_files("src/*.c")
+    add_files("src/*.vs.hlsl", "src/*.ps.hlsl")
+    add_packages("directxshadercompiler")
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..4d163f576
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/main.c
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+#include <ctype.h>
+
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_vs_spv_start[];
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_vs_spv_end[];
+
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_ps_spv_start[];
+extern const uint8_t _binary_test_ps_spv_end[];
+
+static void hexdump(const char* name, const uint8_t* data, uint32_t size) {
+    printf("%s: size: %u bytes\n", name, (unsigned int)size);
+    if (size == 0) {
+        return;
+    }
+    
+    // if file is larger than 128 bytes, only dump first 64 and last 64 bytes
+    uint32_t dump_size = size;
+    uint32_t start_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t end_offset = 0;
+    uint32_t skip_size = 0;
+    
+    if (size > 128) {
+        dump_size = 64;
+        start_offset = 0;
+        end_offset = size - 64;
+        skip_size = end_offset - start_offset - dump_size;
+    }
+    
+    // dump start
+    for (uint32_t offset = start_offset; offset < start_offset + dump_size; offset += 16) {
+        // print offset
+        printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+        
+        // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+            if (offset + i < size) {
+                printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+            } else {
+                printf("   ");
+            }
+            if (i == 7) {
+                printf(" ");
+            }
+        }
+        
+        // print ASCII representation
+        printf(" |");
+        for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+            uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+            printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+        }
+        printf("|\n");
+    }
+    
+    // print skip indicator if needed
+    if (skip_size > 0) {
+        printf("        ... (skipped %u bytes) ...\n", (unsigned int)skip_size);
+    }
+    
+    // dump end if needed
+    if (size > 128) {
+        for (uint32_t offset = end_offset; offset < size; offset += 16) {
+            // print offset
+            printf("%08x  ", (unsigned int)offset);
+            
+            // print hex bytes (8 bytes, space, 8 bytes)
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16; i++) {
+                if (offset + i < size) {
+                    printf("%02x ", data[offset + i]);
+                } else {
+                    printf("   ");
+                }
+                if (i == 7) {
+                    printf(" ");
+                }
+            }
+            
+            // print ASCII representation
+            printf(" |");
+            for (uint32_t i = 0; i < 16 && offset + i < size; i++) {
+                uint8_t c = data[offset + i];
+                printf("%c", isprint(c) ? c : '.');
+            }
+            printf("|\n");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+int main(int argc, char** argv) {
+    const uint32_t vs_size = (uint32_t)(_binary_test_vs_spv_end - _binary_test_vs_spv_start);
+    const uint32_t ps_size = (uint32_t)(_binary_test_ps_spv_end - _binary_test_ps_spv_start);
+    
+    hexdump("test.vs.spv", _binary_test_vs_spv_start, vs_size);
+    printf("\n");
+    hexdump("test.ps.spv", _binary_test_ps_spv_start, ps_size);
+    return 0;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.ps.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.ps.hlsl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..5c534d30b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.ps.hlsl
@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+struct PSInput {
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+float4 main(PSInput input) : SV_TARGET {
+    return float4(input.texcoord, 0.0, 1.0);
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vs.hlsl b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vs.hlsl
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e86b3b263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/src/test.vs.hlsl
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+struct VSInput {
+    float3 position : POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+struct VSOutput {
+    float4 position : SV_POSITION;
+    float2 texcoord : TEXCOORD0;
+};
+
+VSOutput main(VSInput input) {
+    VSOutput output;
+    output.position = float4(input.position, 1.0);
+    output.texcoord = input.texcoord;
+    return output;
+}
+
diff --git a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/xmake.lua b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/xmake.lua
index 0487fba5d..4d09e5036 100644
--- a/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv/xmake.lua
+++ b/tests/projects/other/hlsl2spv_bin2obj/xmake.lua
@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@ add_requires("glslang", {configs = {binaryonly = true}})
 
 target("test")
     set_kind("binary")
-    add_rules("utils.hlsl2spv", {bin2c = true})
+    add_rules("utils.hlsl2spv", {bin2obj = true})
     add_files("src/*.c")
-    add_files("src/*.hlsl", "src/*.hlsl")
+    add_files("src/*.hlsl")
     add_packages("directxshadercompiler")